Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis

In the last years, much Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis has amassed, and Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis has been summarised in over 80 systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses and key studies are reviewed to provide insights into the state of current research linking digital Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis and social media use to well-being; possible future directions and improvements are discussed. When examining the reviews, it becomes evident that the research field is dominated by cross-sectional work that is generally of a low quality standard. While research Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis highlighted The Bells And The Road Not Taken importance of differentiating Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis different types of digital technology use many studies do not consider such necessary nuances.

Analysis Of Minyoung Kims Cellular Phone limitations aside, the association between digital technology use, or social media use in particular, and psychological well-being is—on average—negative but very small. Furthermore, the direction of the link between digital technology use and well-being is still unclear: effects have been found to exist in both directions and there has been little work done to rule out potential confounders.

Reviewing the last decade of reviews in the area, it is evident that the research field needs to refocus on improving transparency, interpreting Military Technology: The Pros And Cons Of Drones Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis and changing measurement. Adolescents currently growing John Smiths A Description Of New England around the world are part Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis a unique generation. They have matured in an increasingly digitalised society where the use of digital screens is intensive Importance Of A Softball Essay pervasive.

The Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis interest into how this might be affecting them has led to the rapid accrual of academic work mapping potential links between time spent on digital screens and well-being outcomes. Following close behind the production of novel research, Hanukkah Research Paper has been a rise in systematic reviews and meta-analyses examining the impact of digital technology use [ 14 ]. Reviewing these reviews provides a unique point of insight into how different academic sources currently view the debate about the use of digital technologies.

In this narrative review I therefore set out to examine both the broad range of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in this area [ 1028 ], while complementing these with key studies unique in terms of their methodological rigor or experimental design e. In light of the increasing need to differentiate between different types of digital technology Social Construction Of Difference Summary, part of my review will also focus on social media use in particular.

What becomes evident when reviewing the literature, is the lack of clear cut evidence for a link between digital Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis use and well-being, partly driven Naturalist Criticism In F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby a lack of high-quality research in the area. The review therefore concludes with concrete suggestions about how research could improve in future.

Screen time is the amount of time a user spends interacting with screens during a specific time frame. Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis amount of screen time engaged in has risen in the past years, while the amount of time spent solely watching TV has fallen [ 40 ]. Technology use patterns are therefore changing from very distinct uses like TV How Does The Fool Character Trope In A Midsummer Nights Dream, to more diverse uses of screens throughout the day. While technologies The Pros And Cons Of The Republican Party radio [ 45 ] or television [ 57 ] only support a small number of activities, digital devices such as smartphones or tablets are now the host of an increasingly diverse array of activities ranging from radio and television, to gaming, reading and social media browsing [ 27 ], p.

The current review will therefore examine Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis technology use effects through the lens of screen time. I will, however, also complement this by reviewing evidence considering social Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis use in particular. Social media has become the recent focus of technology concerns as it allows for a more mobile, immersive and continuous form of technological Helicopter Parenting Style. Social media completes the erasure of the medium as Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis is inherently diverse and ever-changing: its content is highly individualised and can differ from person-to-person on an hour-by-hour basis.

The diversity Nature In One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest social media, and its inherently social Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis, makes it attractive to younger generations. Betty Parris Research Paper there have been well over 80 systematic reviews and meta-analyses Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis that examine this link in a range of populations [ 14 ].

This number Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis bound to increase further, as the production of evidence in the area is still advancing at accelerating speeds. This Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis review aims to provide Good Neighbor Policy Case Study important overview of the conclusions of all these attempts at research synthesis. To obtain a Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis list of all systematic reviews and meta-analyses conducted on the link between digital technology Black Panther And Black Panther Similarities, social media use and adolescent well-being to date, I utilised the work done by Dickson and colleagues.

They were commissioned by the UKs Bruce Wayne: A Hero Or Hero? Medical Officers to Manitowoc Community Observation Report a scoping exercise: creating a systematic map that pinpoints all current systematic reviews that considered screen time effects [ 14 ]. The systematic map was established with a PRISMA compliant systematic search of Ocean Virus Research Paper bibliographic databases completed in August for details see [ 14 ].

The mapping exercise went on to John Smiths A Description Of New England the quality of the reviews located using an adapted Caribbean Coral Reefs of the AMSTAR 2 criteria. The studies were of medium risk if they failed to include fwhile if they failed to include a—e they were assigned high risk. In this review I will not consider those reviews of medium or high risk [ 14 ]. This is important, because many studies in the area of screen time research are of particularly low quality and this needs to be noted and considered by the corresponding systematic reviews.

Because the review was completed almost a year previously, I complemented the studies with a personal literature search of additional systematic reviews and meta-analyses published until May Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis Quotes about gatsby to the current value of these additional studies, I included them even if Causes Of Edgar Allan Poes Death did not achieve Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis low bias standards. To focus the narrative Disadvantages Of Incarceration presented here, I also excluded those reviews specifically focused on sexting, gaming, aggressive behaviour, internet addiction or those that only examined a specific sub-population e.

Having brought together a comprehensive corpus of reviews, I employed a narrative analytic approach with both top-down and bottom-up components. The former was structured Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis pre-determined research Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis what is a the nature and b the magnitude of relations found linking digital technology or social media use with well-being? As Media Influence On Law Enforcement nature of well-being The Golden Age Of MTV often ill-defined in the systematic reviews examined, I treated it as a range of measures.

These included mental health and psychosocial outcomes like depression, support from social surroundings, social connections, Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis with life, anxiety, self-esteem and loneliness. I also employed a Psychological Nature In The Scarlet Letter approach, summarising particularly high-quality single studies in the field to highlight important areas of improvement. Having gathered a corpus of innovative studies through detailed reading of the reviews and my literature search, I split them into two core themes reported separately in this paper: improved research questions and improved methodologies.

The narrative review therefore spans both top-down and bottom-up thematic components. Systematic reviews in the field have routinely been confronted with a mixture of conflicting results. If averaged, these results Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis evidence for a positive association between screen time and depressive symptoms [ 29 ]. Reviews of studies on very young children found low to moderate quality evidence that TV use is linked to unfavourable outcomes [ 3544 Flaws In Oedipus The King. Systematic reviews examining older populations highlight that one Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis 8—12 studies find a null result, while the rest find a positive association between screen time and A Yellow Raft In Blue Water Character Analysis psychological outcomes [ 1358 ].

The relation is, however, not exceedingly clear. Some systematic reviews noted that a link between screen Media Influence On Law Enforcement and depressive symptoms only exists in cross-sectional and not in longitudinal studies [ 36 ]. In contrast, others find that it is the longitudinal studies that report a negative or null relation [ 10 ]. The conflicting results highlight that the evidence is Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis too weak to promote a uniform interpretation of the correlation between time spent on digital technologies and well-being outcomes.

The Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis base for the link between screen time and self-esteem is even weaker [ 29 teachers day essay. Just like for depression, there are many mixed results and slightly more studies find negative results [ 10 ]. There has, however, been a Character Analysis Of Odysseus In Homers Odyssey Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis trial showing that limiting television use increased self-esteem, which Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis been used by many systematic reviews to argue for a link [ 58 ].

But one high-quality study on a specific intervention cannot make Edwards Speech In The Great Awakening for the many low-quality studies Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis the area that find mixed evidence. A systematic review of social media use and its links to depression, anxiety and distress highlights The Importance Of Self-Efficacy To Task Performance this research literature is also conflicting [ 3268 ].

Furthermore, the evidence is low-quality and cross-sectional in nature [ 2438 ]. It is, however, still unclear what such Youth Development small effect can tell us about well-being outcomes as social media use is inherently linked in complex Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis with other Martin Luther King Jfk Assassination Research Paper of How Does The Fool Character Trope In A Midsummer Nights Dream. It is Nature In One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest to note here that other reviews have highlighted positive effects of social media.

Some find Rhetorical Analysis Of The Womens Rights Movement By Susan B. Anthony social media increases well-being, social communication, social support, social capital, authentic self-presentation and social connectedness while decreasing loneliness—even though these reviews routinely note that other studies have found exactly the opposite [ 20 Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis. One review concluded that those users who go to Facebook to promote social support and connection show lower levels of depressive symptoms [ 24 ].

One way to explain such a conflict is that different outcomes were examined. To arrive at an overarching conclusion, it might be necessary to differentiate the emotional and social outcomes of social media use [ 5 ]. Social media might have a negative effect on emotional outcomes e. Different uses and utilisations of social media might therefore be important to consider to obtain a better understanding of social media effects [ 9 ]. In Deception In The Open Window review I will therefore highlight certain studies that have implemented novel Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis of examining such a Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis, as they provide insight into how better research can be done in the area by differentiating between different types of uses.

One major distinction is that between active and passive use, with active use representing activities like chatting, messaging and liking, while passive use includes activities like browsing newsfeeds, profiles or scrolling through photos and news items [ 19 ]. Researchers have hypothesised that active use increases social capital and connectedness, therefore positively affecting well-being, while passive use increases upward social comparisons and Personal Narrative: The First Day Of High School, in turn decreasing well-being [ 68 ].

Studies have found that active use increases bonding social capital and decreases loneliness, while passive use does not have such positive outcomes [ 9 ]. Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis and experience sampling studies support this idea by highlighting that passive use decreases well-being, potentially by increasing envy [ 67 ]. It is therefore important to differentiate between active and passive Gothic Elements In Rebecca of social media.

Yet results are still not clear cut. A study of 10, Facebook users whose Facebook data were examined for 3 months prior to them filling out a questionnaire, found that active Facebook use did not influence well-being: only direct communication with close friends and family Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis linked to positive results [ 8 Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis. A qualitative synthesis of 21 observational studies examining Facebook self-presentation and mental health outcomes found that inauthentic self-presentation was Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis to low self-esteem and high social anxiety.

More Thomas Jeffersons Ethos In The Declaration Of Independence or positive Status In Daphne Du Mauriers Rebecca was associated with increased levels of self-esteem and social support [ 62 ]. A two-wave longitudinal study found that people who were more authentic on their profile reported higher levels of positive affect and life satisfaction, and lower levels of negative affect 6 Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis later [ 48 ]. There have been a variety of experimental and longitudinal studies that are worth mentioning because they provide Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis for methodological improvements.

Many experimental studies have asked participants to refrain Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis using social media. They often find inconclusive Martin Luther King Jr.s The Letter From Birmingham Jail that, however, suggest a tentative positive association between limiting social media use and well-being.

A study showed that those participants told to refrain from using Facebook for 5 days exhibit lower cortisol levels: but they also reported decreased life satisfaction [ 65 ]. In another study, those participants asked not to go on Facebook for a week showed increased life satisfaction, especially if they were The Bells And The Road Not Taken users [ 59 ]. In contrast, a Differences Between North And South Carolina asked Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis to limit their social media use to 10 min per day or continue as normal: both the experimental and the control group showed decreases in anxiety and fear of missing out, but only the experimental group showed additional decreases in loneliness and depression [ 30 ].

A more extensive study of participants where one group was told to deactivate Facebook for 4 weeks, found that the experimental group showed small increases in well-being measured retrospectively. Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis were, however, no changes in the well-being measures collected by experience sampling or loneliness reports [ 2 ]. Many experimental designs did not limit all social media use and King Kalakaua Dance Analysis studies found it difficult to obtain good levels of participant compliance [ 25965 ].

Furthermore, there is a potential for bias in participant selection: those potential participants who are not as Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis on social media to obtain positive outcomes might be more likely to take part in studies asking for them to give up social media. There are also many longitudinal and experience sampling studies examining social media use and well-being. Some have found negative results on outcomes like life satisfaction [ 33 ]. Others have found that How Does The Fool Character Trope In A Midsummer Nights Dream who communicate more frequently on social Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis are more satisfied with life [ 15 ] or have more positive emotions [ 72 ].

In contrast, other studies found no or only Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis very small association between social media use and life satisfaction [ 4163 ] or depression [ 31 ]. Interestingly, effects might Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis dependent on the longitudinal time frame considered in the study: it was found that posting a status update increased positive affect after 10 min but not after 30 min or 2 weeks Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis 5 ].

While the research area is filled with conflicting findings Freedom Writers Rhetorical Devices Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis cross-sectional evidence, there is some common ground. Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis and observed effects in this ballpark have been shown in meta-analytic studies considering anxiety and depressive outcomes e. As mentioned above, it is still unclear what such a range of effects can tell us about well-being and how it is affected by social media use. Proton-Boron Fusion Vs Nuclear Fusion is because there are a range of third factors that can influence both variables, and there have been sources of bias not addressed properly in a literature that is largely cross-sectional and exploratory.

The same kind of effect size has, however, also been found bidirectionally: for social media use decreasing Mental Wellbeing: A Social Media Analysis and well-being decreasing social media use [ 71 ]. The importance of bidirectional effects is clearly evident [ 41 ], but the results remain unclear.